AUKUS, explained.
The USS Vermont, a US Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, arrives at HMAS Stirling naval base in Perth, 29 October 2025 (Antony Dickson/Getty Images)
The upcoming rotation of allied submarines to Australia’s west coast builds on an old strategic tradition.
Subscribe to The Informer for monthly expert analysis, and to Events for advance notice of visiting world leaders and distinguished guests.
You may unsubscribe from Lowy Institute newsletters at any time. For information on our privacy practices and how to unsubscribe, see our Privacy Policy.
AUKUS: Much ado about HMAS StirlingAUKUS: Much ado about HMAS Stirling
Debate (Opens in new window) over the development of Submarine Rotational Force–West (SRF-West), is being conducted as though Australia is crossing a threshold by hosting allied submarines on its west coast. SRF-West is certainly a crucial step under AUKUS, but it is not a historical rupture. It is better understood as the latest phase in a much longer Australian habit: using the west coast, and especially Cockburn Sound (Opens in new window), south of Perth, as a hub for coalition maritime power in both peace and war.
Australia’s west coast has long been central to the projection, support, and integration of friendly naval power.
From as early as 2027, SRF-West will be established (Opens in new window) at HMAS Stirling on Cockburn Sound, comprising a rotational presence of one UK and up to four US conventionally armed, nuclear-powered submarines. The rotational force will be supported by major infrastructure works designed for those submarines as well as Australia’s own future boats. In June, the Australian government (Opens in new window) announced additional implementation steps, including the establishment of Naval Support Activity Stirling to support US personnel, contractors, and their families rotating through the base. This reflects the routine fact that a visiting force must maintain discipline, family support, logistics, and command arrangements for its own people while operating in partnership with a host nation.
Defence states plainly that the American and British boats will rotate through Stirling rather than be permanently based in Australia, while the purpose of the arrangement is to build the operational, maintenance, regulatory, and stewardship capacity required for Australia’s own future (Opens in new window) nuclear-powered submarines from the early 2030s.
That reality matters because much of the current commentary turns on whether Australia should candidly call this a “base.” Yet the more useful question is not semantic but strategic: whether hosting friendly naval forces at Stirling is aberrant or consistent with Australia’s longstanding defence geography. On that score, the answer is clear. The west coast has been identified for more than a century (Opens in new window) as essential to Australian maritime strategy and, at key moments, as the natural hub for allied naval presence.
In 1911, Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson (Opens in new window) recommended Fremantle, centred on Cockburn Sound, as one of Australia’s two fleet primary bases. Henderson’s report treated Cockburn Sound as strategically important. The broad strategic logic behind today’s debate was visible before the Royal Australian Navy had fully taken shape: Australia’s western seaboard mattered because its maritime geography made it unavoidable.
Henderson’s recommendations laid out a conception of a two-ocean navy (Opens in new window) for Australia. His ideas took time, but the strategic requirement Henderson identified endured across decades, governments, two world wars, technologies, and Cold War geopolitics. HMAS Stirling was eventually commissioned in 1978.
There is nothing unprecedented about Western Australia servicing allied submarines (Opens in new window). During the Second World War, Fremantle became the largest submarine base in the southern hemisphere, and by the end of March 1945 there were twenty-two submarines based there, including nineteen from the US Navy and three from the Royal Netherlands Navy. That wartime record alone should caution against claims that the arrival of allied submarines in the west represents a strategic departure.
The contemporary arrangement is obviously different in technology, alliance context, and legal architecture. But the central concept is familiar: Australia provides valuable access and support to trusted maritime partners while gaining security benefits, operational integration, and experience in return. Seen in this light, Submarine Rotational Force-West (Opens in new window) looks less like a revolutionary break than a modernised version of established coalition practice on the west coast.
The most overheated criticism of Stirling depends on presenting allied rotational presence as if it were a shocking surrender of independence.
That continuity extends beyond submarines. Australia has long hosted sensitive allied facilities in the west and north-west, including the Harold E Holt communications station, again reflecting the fact that strategic geography has repeatedly pulled allied defence cooperation toward Western Australia.
The most overheated criticism (Opens in new window) of Stirling depends on presenting allied rotational presence as if it were a shocking surrender of independence. But history points in the opposite direction. From Henderson’s 1911 advocacy of Cockburn Sound to Fremantle’s wartime service to allied submarines, to an Defence policy (Opens in new window) oriented to the Indian Ocean, Western Australia has repeatedly been imagined and used as a platform for coalition naval power.
That does not mean every question about AUKUS is trivial. Cost, workforce, industrial readiness, infrastructure timelines, and strategic risk all deserve scrutiny. Commentary (Opens in new window) becomes less useful when it frames Stirling as something wholly unprecedented or strategically aberrant rather than the contemporary expression of a durable strategic tradition shaped by Australia’s geography (Opens in new window), alliance politics, and the requirements of maritime power.
A calmer reading of submarine deployments would start from that continuity. Australia is not improvising an entirely novel role for HMAS Stirling. It is finally, and under new technological conditions, acting on an old strategic insight: the west coast (Opens in new window) has long been central to the projection, support, and integration of friendly naval power, and Cockburn Sound has been waiting more than a century for Australia to admit as much.
About the author
Sean Andrews
Dr Sean Andrews, CSC, PhD, is a former Australian naval Captain and command qualified warfare officer, now a Senior Research Fellow at the Changing Character of War Centre, whose work focuses on maritime strategy, naval power, and Indo Pacific security.
Topics
The most-pressing world events explained by Lowy Institute experts and global contributors, in your inbox, every Thursday.
You may unsubscribe from The Interpreter at any time. For information on our privacy practices and how to unsubscribe, see our Privacy Policy.
