A computer circuit board with a single point spotlighted

Concentration of semiconductor manufacturing made sense when the priority was efficiency but looks very different when the priority is reducing single-point vulnerability (Thomas Trutschel/Photothek via Getty Images)

The end of cheap peace in East Asia

Markets still price the Western Pacific as either at peace or at war. The real cost lies in between – and firms and governments are already paying it.

David Tingxuan Zhang

31 July 20264 min read

Earlier this month, Chinese and Japanese coastguard vessels squared off (Opens in new window) near the Senkaku Islands, which China calls the Diaoyu. Each government claimed to have driven the other’s ships away – nothing escalated, and the story was out of the headlines within a day.

Standoffs like this have become routine. But that routine is precisely the problem. The Western Pacific is still at peace – but the peace is no longer cheap.

Markets are not blind to geopolitical risk in East Asia. But they still price the region too narrowly: either peace continues, or war erupts. The more immediate problem lies between those extremes. Even without war, companies, governments, and investors are paying more to keep an indispensable but less secure system running.

For decades, multinationals concentrated advanced manufacturing and supply chains in East Asia because efficiency itself seemed to produce stability: the deeper the trade links, the higher the cost of conflict. That assumption is expiring. Trade still binds the region together, but the networks that once carried efficiency gains now carry political shocks. Export controls, licensing rules, investment screening, and coastguard enforcement have turned supply chains into transmission belts for state pressure.

Efficiency still brings profits, but security must be paid for separately.

Semiconductors show the shift most clearly. Taiwan – specifically the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) – accounts for more than 90% (Opens in new window) of the world’s most advanced chipmaking capacity. That concentration made sense when the priority was efficiency. It looks very different when the priority is reducing single-point vulnerability.

TSMC’s expansion in the United States (Opens in new window), along with its fabs in Japan and Germany (Opens in new window), replicates capacity once concentrated in a single, hyper-efficient ecosystem. Apple’s shift of iPhone production for the US market to India (Opens in new window) tells a similar story – not a search for cheaper labour but a response to tariffs and concentration risk in China.

Redundancy is expensive. TSMC’s Arizona investment has benefited from billions in subsidies (Opens in new window), but subsidies do not erase the cost of rebuilding an ecosystem. Chief executive C.C. Wei has said each construction step in Arizona takes at least twice as long as in Taiwan (Opens in new window), citing permitting, labour shortages, and supply gaps. Security can be bought – at the cost of efficiency.

If grey-zone pressure begins to affect shipping expectations, it becomes an exposure (Jerry Glaser/CBP)

Japan is seeing the same bill through critical minerals. Since Beijing tightened rare earth export controls on Japan in January, mentions of rare-earth risk in Tokyo Stock Exchange filings have doubled (Opens in new window) – and two-thirds of some 200 recent filings said the curbs are already hurting business or pose a credible risk. Few report a major earnings hit yet. But the risk has entered financial language: production could be affected, alternative sourcing may be needed, inventories must be managed more carefully. This is not the cost of war but rather the cost of operating under persistent coercive risk.

The market signal is therefore mixed, not absent. Taiwan’s equity market rose more than 60% in the first half of this year on demand for artificial intelligence – even as foreign investors pulled a record US$137 billion (Opens in new window) from emerging Asian equities, with Taiwan and South Korea bearing the brunt as investors trimmed crowded chip positions. Markets are good at pricing visible earnings and liquidity flows. They are less good at pricing the slow accumulation of redundancy costs.

Shipping and insurance make the problem concrete. Some US$2.4 trillion in goods (Opens in new window) – more than a fifth of global maritime trade – moved through the Taiwan Strait in 2024. As long as the route stays open, that figure looks like proof of efficiency. If grey-zone pressure begins to affect shipping expectations, it becomes an exposure. The Red Sea offered a preview: war-risk premiums ran at a nominal 0.05% of hull value (Opens in new window) before the Houthi attacks; by early 2024, underwriters were quoting as much as 1% for a single seven-day passage – a twentyfold jump in months.

No insurer reprices the Taiwan Strait after every standoff. But none can leave the scenario out of its stress tests – and the Red Sea showed that once underwriting conditions trip, adjustment takes weeks, not decades.

Governments are paying too. Global military spending reached US$2.887 trillion in 2025 (Opens in new window), with Asia and Oceania recording the fastest annual rise since 2009. Japan has pledged to hit its defence target of 2% of GDP two years early (Opens in new window); Taiwan’s defence budget grew 14% last year. Policymakers no longer treat interdependence as a sufficient substitute for security.

Trade still constrains conflict, but it does not automatically provide safety. Governments are buying back security through defence budgets, subsidies, and stockpiles; companies through redundant production, backup suppliers, and less-efficient logistics. The old bargain was simple: efficiency brought stability. The new bargain is harsher: efficiency still brings profits, but security must be paid for separately.

None of this means capital is leaving East Asia. The engineers, supplier networks, and end markets are still there and irreplaceable – which is exactly why companies are staying and paying more. The choice was never efficiency or security. Firms now fund both at once.

About the author

David Tingxuan Zhang

David Tingxuan Zhang is an analyst at Trivium China (Opens in new window), a policy research consultancy, where he covers China’s macroeconomy – including the property sector, fiscal and local government finance, and trade and industrial policy – for government, corporate, and investor clients.

Topics

Trade & investment Defence & security Asia China Japan Taiwan