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Sorting coconuts in Teluk Payo, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia (Sigit Prasetya via Getty Images)
Branding for ethical sourcing risks ignoring the struggle of smallholder farmers with ageing trees and razor-thin margins.
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The unrooted global euphoria of Sustainable CoconutThe unrooted global euphoria of Sustainable Coconut
The coconut is the Asia–Pacific’s powerhouse. From the sprawling plantations of the Philippines to the scattered atolls of the Pacific, this single crop underpins rural economies, nutrition and cultural identity. The region produces more than 80 per cent of the world’s coconuts, and in some Pacific nations, over half of atoll forests are now coconut palm plantations. Yet signs of strain are showing.
The current situation is paradoxical. Coconuts have provided steady income to local communities but have created ecological and economic vulnerabilities. Ageing trees, pest outbreaks, depleted soils and volatile prices now threaten the very system that once promised resilience.
In response, the “Sustainable Coconut” movement has emerged as the sector’s big idea. Promoted by industry coalitions, NGOs and multinational buyers, it aims to make the coconut supply chain ethical, environmentally sound and equitable. The aims are enticing, including to improve farmers’ livelihoods, protect the natural environment and build climate resilience.
Farmers bear the production risks but capture little of the reward.
Even so, much of this enthusiasm lacks roots in reality. Global conversations are often led by big industry partnerships, while in Indonesia and Solomon Islands, smallholder farmers are focused on harvesting, selling and surviving. For many, “sustainability” is not a practical framework, it is a distant abstraction. The immediate priority is cash for food, school fees or emergencies.
This disconnect is structural. Most smallholder coconut farmers in the Asia–Pacific operate on razor-thin margins. Trees planted decades ago are well past peak productivity. Replanting means years without income, a luxury few can afford. Traders, often the only buyers, set low farm-gate prices. Export margins rarely trickle down to the people who do the hardest work.
Under such constraints, sustainability standards can feel irrelevant or even exclusionary. Certification costs money, requires paperwork, and assumes access to stable buyers. Without interventions that address poverty directly, the sustainable coconut movement risks becoming just another label that changes little on the ground.
Harvesting coconut sap in Candelaria town, Quezon province, the Philippines (Veejay Villafranca/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
It is tempting to see coconuts as inherently “green”. Unlike oil palm or cocoa, coconut farming has not driven large-scale tropical deforestation. But monoculture has still degraded biodiversity, particularly in the Pacific’s atolls and coastal zones. Soil health is declining, pests spread more easily and extreme weather events – intensified by climate change – threaten harvests. A credible sustainability agenda must tackle both the ecological and socio-economic risks of the current system.
Here, the palm oil sector offers an imperfect but instructive example. In response to sustainability concerns, the industry created the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). This framework has flaws, with inconsistent enforcement, loopholes and uneven benefits. But it did set global baselines for traceability and embed sustainability into procurement policies. Most importantly, it shifted the conversation from voluntary branding to regulated norms.
Regional and domestic markets consume large shares of coconut production, yet they are often ignored in global debates.
The coconut sector has yet to make that leap. While global brands speak of traceability, most coconuts are still traded through informal, opaque networks. The majority of smallholders remain invisible in the system. For “Sustainable Coconut” to move beyond aspiration, it must blend market incentives with farmer-level capacity building and policy reforms that recognise the crop’s strategic role in national economies.
That means starting with farmer realities, not consumer expectations. Co-funding replanting programs is essential: without young, high-yielding trees, productivity will keep falling. Supporting farmer cooperatives can improve bargaining power and reduce dependence on middlemen. And in the Pacific Islands – where production is scattered across thousands of kilometres of ocean – approaches must be adapted to local geography, culture and infrastructure.
The sustainability conversation must also widen beyond exports. Regional and domestic markets consume large shares of coconut production, yet they are often ignored in global debates. Encouraging sustainable practices for local consumption – through integrated intercropping, community-owned processing facilities and price stabilisation mechanisms – could deliver more immediate benefits than pursuing niche foreign buyers.
Crucially, the flow of value in the coconut trade must be rebalanced. At present, most profits are captured downstream, in processing, branding and retail. Farmers bear the production risks but capture little of the reward. Unless sustainability initiatives address this inequity, they will remain exercises in image management rather than tools for genuine development.
Sustainable Coconut requires inclusive leadership: not just corporate sustainability officers, but farmer representatives, local cooperatives and community leaders who can align ecological goals with economic survival. And it requires patience, because transforming a tree-crop economy is measured in planting cycles, not quarterly reports.
The coconut palm is known regionally as the “tree of life” for its ability to provide food, shelter and income. But even the most resilient tree needs deep roots to withstand storms. At present, Sustainable Coconut is more canopy than root, a vision flourishing in global markets, but weakly anchored in the soil of farmer livelihoods.
If the movement is to endure, it must move from the unrooted euphoria of branding to the grounded work of system change. Sustainability must become not just a story told to consumers, but a lived reality for the communities who have cultivated these palms for generations.
The applause of distant consumers is fleeting. The prosperity of farmers is lasting. The choice for the coconut sector is clear: chase the former, or invest in the latter.
About the author
Mohd Yunus
Mohd. Yunus is an independent researcher based in Indonesia. He holds a master’s degree in biological sciences from Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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